After facing the fearful gales of Cape Horn the Beagle turned north into the quieter waters of Tierra del Fuego. On board Captain FitzRoy had three Indians, whom he planned to return to their homeland to found a Christian colony. But from the start, Darwin was filled with misgivings about the success of the experiment.

In September 1833 Darwin set out to cross the Argentine pampas, heading for Buenos Aires. Immediately he found himself in the midst of a bitter struggle between the local Indians and the forces of General Rosas, who were engaged in a policy of extermination.

In 1835 an earthquake destroyed the town of Concepcion in Southern Chile. The effect of it was felt on board the Beagle, and a few days later Darwin witnessed the devastation for himself. It confirmed his view that the whole range of the Andes had been pushed up from the bed of the ocean.